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Iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide

Iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide are the three most common water quality complaints on well water in North Carolina and southern Virginia. Iron stains orange, manganese stains black, and hydrogen sulfide smells of rotten eggs. What you see and smell often identifies which one you have, and iron in particular occurs in two forms that call for different treatment. This article covers how to recognize each, how testing narrows it down, which treatment approaches apply, and why the order of treatment matters.

October 7, 2026Read article →

PFAS in drinking water

PFAS are a large family of manufactured chemicals that persist in water and in the body. The EPA set the first enforceable federal drinking water limits for six PFAS in April 2024; as of October 2026 the limits for PFOA and PFOS remain in place while four others are the subject of a proposed rescission and ongoing litigation. North Carolina's Cape Fear River basin is one of the most studied PFAS-affected regions in the country. This article covers where PFAS come from, how the regulatory picture currently stands, how to find out what is in your water, and which treatment approaches are certified to reduce them.

October 7, 2026Read article →

Lead in drinking water

Lead in drinking water comes primarily from premises plumbing and from service lines and upstream distribution piping — not usually from the water leaving the treatment plant. The federal action level is 15 ppb, dropping to 10 ppb under the 2024 Lead and Copper Rule Improvements. Testing is the only way to know your specific situation. Treatment options range from simple flushing habits to certified point-of-use filters, reverse osmosis, and whole-home systems, forming a layered defense that starts at the drinking-water tap and can expand from there based on your household's preferences.

August 24, 2026Read article →

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Reverse osmosis — under-counter and whole-home

Reverse osmosis forces water through a semipermeable membrane that removes a broad range of dissolved contaminants — including PFAS, nitrate, arsenic, lead, and dissolved solids — producing the highest-purity water of the common residential treatment technologies. An RO system is a multi-stage architecture with pretreatment (to protect the membrane) and post-treatment (to make the water fit its use), configured to the specific water and household. RO comes in two configurations: point-of-use (under-counter) treating one tap, and point-of-entry (whole-home) treating all household water. This article explains how RO works, what each configuration does, what to consider, and the factors that inform choosing between them.

June 10, 2026Read article →

Whole-home water softeners

A water softener removes hardness — dissolved calcium and magnesium — through ion exchange, addressing scale on fixtures, soap scum, reduced soap and shampoo effectiveness, hair and skin feel after washing, and accelerated wear on water heaters and appliances. Water hardness varies widely across North Carolina and southern Virginia — surface-water municipal supplies tend toward the softer end of the range, well water and groundwater-fed community systems tend to be harder. This article explains how softeners work, what they address at different hardness levels, what they cost to run, and how to think about whether a softener fits your household.

June 10, 2026Read article →

Water treatment types — an overview of your options

Water treatment technologies each do a specific job. Softeners remove hardness. Reverse osmosis removes a broad range of dissolved contaminants for high purity. Carbon filtration removes chlorine, taste, odor, and some organic chemicals. UV disinfects. pH neutralizers correct acidic water. Iron and manganese filters remove those specific metals. This article is an overview of the major residential treatment technologies, what each addresses, and how to think about which technology matches which situation.

June 10, 2026Read article →

EPA drinking water standards — what they protect and what they don't

The EPA sets federally enforceable standards for contaminants in public drinking water under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The standards protect public health at the scale of the entire United States and reflect a deliberate balance between health protection and the practical reality of treating water at thousands of utilities. This article explains how the standards are structured, how they get set, what they cover, what they leave out, and how to read your own water's situation against them.

May 17, 2026Read article →

EWG drinking water standards — what they are and how to read them alongside EPA standards

The Environmental Working Group publishes health-based guidelines for drinking water contaminants that are typically more conservative than EPA's federally enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels. The guidelines are grounded in legitimate scientific sources and have measurably moved regulatory attention to contaminants like PFAS. They are not peer-reviewed regulatory standards. This article explains what EWG's guidelines are, where the numbers come from, what they do well, where they have limits, and how to read your water's situation against both EWG and EPA benchmarks.

May 17, 2026Read article →

Health-based vs. aesthetic water concerns

Not every water problem is a health problem. The EPA regulates drinking water under two separate frameworks — enforceable Primary Standards for contaminants with known or suspected health effects, and non-enforceable Secondary Standards for taste, smell, color, and how water interacts with plumbing. Knowing which kind of concern you have changes what's at stake, what testing makes sense, and what to do about it.

May 17, 2026Read article →

Should I test my water? How, and what do the results mean?

Whether you should test your water depends on what you're trying to find out, where it comes from, and what's already known about it. For most municipal customers, the utility's annual Consumer Confidence Report is the starting point. For private well owners, testing is essential on a regular schedule. This article walks through how to decide, what to test, where to send samples, and how to read the result.

May 17, 2026Read article →

Water quality problems — overview and hub

Water quality problems in North Carolina and southern Virginia fall into a small number of recurring categories — aesthetic issues, scale and hardness, infrastructure concerns from corrosive water, microbial contamination on private wells, and a smaller set of health-based concerns including lead, PFAS, disinfection byproducts, and contaminants concentrated in specific geologic zones. This article is a starting point for readers without a specific concern in mind.

May 17, 2026Read article →

Well water vs. municipal water — different problems, different solutions

Where your water comes from changes almost everything about how to think about it. Municipal water is monitored, regulated, and treated by a utility before it reaches your home; private well water is your responsibility from the aquifer to the tap. Each situation has its own typical problems, oversight structure, and decision points about testing and treatment.

May 17, 2026Read article →

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Getting Started

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Standards and Regulations

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Treatment Technologies

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We write these articles to inform. Our editorial approach is to cite primary sources, present contested topics fairly, and acknowledge what we don’t know. Start with what concerns you and use the filters to narrow the field.

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